This work was financially supported by grants from The Featured Areas Research Center Program within the framework of the Higher Education Sprout Project by the Ministry of Education (MOE)
These cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-, IL-1, IL-12, CCL4, CCL5, and GM-CSF, which are associated with hepatocyte damage, increased ROS production, apoptosis, and activation of JAK-STAT1/3 and NF-B signaling pathways (109)
Some research suggests that GLP-1 medications may indirectly influence the gut microbiota through changes in dietary intake, gastric pH, and intestinal transit time, though studies specifically examining sex-based differences in this context are limited
Since the carrier molecule of fatty acids, acyl-CoA, can not cross the cell membrane of the mitochondria, a deficiency of carnitine causes a reduction in the concentration of fatty acids in the mitochondria and, consequently, a reduced production of energy
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