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This perception of reduced harm suggests that such products significantly reduce the risk of tobacco-related diseases 9,10

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Chemicals that have been reported to occur in cigarette smoke (listed alphabetically), with cancer classifications, cancer potency factors and non- cancer reference exposure levels Chemical IARC classificationa Cancer potencyb (mg/kg/d)-1 Non-cancer REL and target organ (?g/m3) (g/cigarette) mainstream (g/cigarette) sidestream 1 1,3 Butadiene 2A 3.4 8 (repro/dev) 35.5 c 191 c 2 1-Aminonaphthalene 0.0096 c 0.0647 c 3 1-Methylpyrrolidine 4 2-, 3- and 4- Methylpyridines 5 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine 6 2-Aminonaphthalene 1 1.8 0.007 c 0.039 c 7 3-Aminobiphenyl 0.0017 c 0.019 c 8 3-Ethenylpyridine 662 e 9 4-Aminobiphenyl 1 21 0.0012 c 0.01 c 10 4-N-nitrosomethylamino)- 1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) 2B 0.3 f - midpoint of reported range 0.195 f 11 Acetaldehyde 2B 0.01 9 (resp) 680 c 1571 c 12 Acetone 287 c 917 c 13 Acrolein 3 0.02 (resp/eye) 68.8 c 306 c 14 Acrylonitrile 2A 1 2 (resp) 8.9 c 86.2 c 15 Ammonia 100 (resp) 12.2 c 4892 c 16 Arsenic 1 12 0.03 (dev/card/nerv) 0.7 g 17 Benz(a)anthracene 2A 0.39 0.045 e midpoint of range 18 Benzene 1 0.1 60 (dev/card/nerv/ immune) 46.3 c 272 c 19 Benzo(a)pyrene 2A 3.9 0.0099 c 0.141 c 20 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 2B 0.39 13 e midpoint of range 21 Benzo(j)fluoranthene 2B 0.39 0.00135 k 22 Benz(k)fluoranthene 2B 0.39 0.009 k 23 Beryllium 1 8.4 0.00025 g midpoint of range 24 Bicyclohexyl 25 Butyraldehyde 32.4 c 88.2 c 26 Cadmium 1 15 0.01 (kidney/resp) 0.103 c 0.736 c 27 Carbon Monoxide 10,000 (8 hr) (card) 13,609 c 42,451 c 28 Catechol 2B 88.2 c 164.9 c 29 Chlorinated dioxins and furans 1 1.3E5 0.00004 (dev/immune/resp/ end/alimentary) 0.000075 h 0.000152 h 30 Chromium (hex) 1 51 0.0008 (resp) 0.0042 c 0.054 c 31 Chrysene 3 0.039 0.05 e 32 Crotonaldehyde 3 14.2 c 80.9 c 33 Cyclohexane 34 Cyclopentane 35 Dibenz(a,h)acridine 2B 0.39 0.0001 e Chemical constituents, cigarettes & cigarette smoke: March 2000 17 36 Dibenz(a,j)acridine 2B 0.39 0.0027 e 37 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 2A 4.1 0.004 e 38 7H-Dibenzo(c,g)carbazole 2B 3.9 0.0007 e Table 1 continued Chemical constituents, cigarettes & cigarette smoke: March 2000 18 Table 1 / p2 Chemical IARC classificationa Cancer potencyb (mg/kg/d)-1 Non-cancer REL and target organ (?g/m3) (g/cigarette) mainstream (g/cigarette) sidestream 39 Dibenzo(a,i)pyrene 2B 39 0.0025 k 40 Dibenzo(a,l)pyrene 2B 39 41 Dimethylamine 42 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2B 43 3-Ethenylpyridene 662 d 44 Ethylamine 45 Ethylbenzene 1000 (dev/aliment/ kidney) 130d 46 Formaldehyde 2A 0.021 2 (resp/eyes) 33.0 c 407.8 c 47 Furfural 48 Hydrazine 2B 17 0.2 (aliment/end) 0.034 k 49 Hydrogen cyanide 3 (card) 118.4 c 106 c 50 Hydrogen sulphide 0.9 (resp) 51 Hydroquinone 72.2 c 183.5 c 52 Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene 2B 0.39 0.012 k 53 Isoprene 2B 264 c 1140 c 54 Lead 2B 0.042 0.0128 c 0.045 c 55 m + p cresol 4 (card) 14 c 79.6 c 56 Mercury 0.3 (nerv) 0.0052 c 57 Methyl acrylate 58 Methyl chloride 59 5-Methylchrysene 2B 3.9 0.0006 k 60 Methyl ethyl ketone 1000 (repro) 54.8 c 175.6 c 61 Methylamine 62 Methylpyrazines 63 Nickel 1 0.91 0.05 (resp/immune) 0.011 c 0.031 c 64 Nicotine 919 d 65 Nitric Oxide 37.7 c 1438 c 66 Nitrogen dioxide 20 (resp) 67 2-Nitropropane 2B 0.001 k 68 N-nitrosoanabasine (NAB) 3 0.019 f 69 N-nitrosoanabatine (NAT) 3 72.2 f 52.3 f 70 N-nitroso-n-butylamine (NBA) 2B 11 0.012 j 71 N-nitrosodiethanolamine 2B 2.8 0.03 e 72 N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) 2A 36 0.0083 e 0.0405 e midpoint of range used 73 N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) 2A 16 0.0244 e midpoint of range for filtered cigarettes used 1.41 e midpoint of range for filtered cigarettes used 74 N-nitrosoethylmethylamine 2B 22 0.006 k 75 N-nitrosomorpholine 2B 6.7 76 N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) 2B 1.4 1.9 e midpoint of reported range 49.8 f 77 N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NP) 2B 21 0.113 e 78 o cresol 4 (card) 5.7 c 31 c 79 Phenol 600 (aliment/card/ 26.1 c 330 c Chemical constituents, cigarettes & cigarette smoke: March 2000 19 kidney/nerv) 80 Polonium-210 81 Propionaldehyde 49.8 c 128.3 c Table 1 continued Chemical constituents, cigarettes & cigarette smoke: March 2000 20 Table 1 / p3 Chemical IARC classificationa Cancer potencyb (mg/kg/d)-1 Non-cancer REL and target organ (?g/m3) (g/cigarette) mainstream (g/cigarette) sidestream 82 Pyridine 11.8 c 250.8 c 83 Pyrrole 402 d 84 Pyrrolidine 85 Quinoline 0.356 c 10.1 c 86 Resorcinol 1.2 c 0.94 c 87 Selenium 0.08 (resp) 88 Styrene 2B 1000 (nerv) 5.71 c 99.5 c 89 Toluene 400 (dev/nerv/ aliment) 72.8 c 499 c 90 2-Toluidine 0.115 e 91 Trimethylamine 92 Urethane 2B 1 0.029 k 93 Vinyl acetate 2B 200 (resp) 94 Vinyl chloride 1 0.27 0.0086 g 95 Xylenes 200 (nerv/resp) 366 d a IARC classifications can be found at: ( 1: known human carcinogens 2A: probable human carcinogens 2B: possible human carcinogens 3: unclassifiable as a human carcinogen b cancer potency factors and RELs are those reported by the California EPA (1999